Euphorbiaceae
Manihot
First published in Inst. Rei Herb. 1: 167 (1766)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is W. South America to Brazil. It is a tuberous shrub or tree and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. It is has environmental uses and social uses, as animal food, a poison, a medicine and invertebrate food and for fuel and food.
- Taxonomy
- Images
- General information
- Distribution
- Synonyms
- Classification
- Publications
- Other data
Distribution
Native to:
Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Introduced into:
Alabama, Andaman Is., Angola, Assam, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bismarck Archipelago, Burkina, Cambodia, Caroline Is., Central African Republic, Chad, China South-Central, China Southeast, Christmas I., Comoros, Cook Is., Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, East Himalaya, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Florida, Gabon, Gambia, Gilbert Is., Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., Hainan, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Italy, Jamaica, Jawa, Leeward Is., Line Is., Madagascar, Marianas, Marquesas, Marshall Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Mozambique, Nauru, Nicaragua, Nicobar Is., Niue, Panamá, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Samoa, Senegal, Society Is., Sudan, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Texas, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad-Tobago, Tuamotu, Tubuai Is., Vanuatu, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Wallis-Futuna Is., Windward Is., Zaïre
Synonyms
hom*otypic Synonyms
- Janipha manihot (L.) Kunth in F.W.H.von Humboldt, A.J.A.Bonpland & C.S.Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 108 (1817)
- Jatropha manihot L. in Sp. Pl.: 1007 (1753)
- Manihot manihot (L.) H.Karst. in Deut. Fl.: 588 (1882), not validly publ.
Heterotypic Synonyms
- Janipha aipi (Pohl) J.Presl in Wšobecný Rostl. 2: 1342 (1846)
- Jatropha aipi (Pohl) Göpp. in Offiz. Pfl. Gaert. Bot. Gart. Breslau: 113 (1857)
- Jatropha diffusa (Pohl) Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 799 (1840)
- Jatropha digitiformis (Pohl) Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 799 (1840)
- Jatropha dulcis J.F.Gmel. in Onomat. Bot. 5: 7 (1773)
- Jatropha flabellifolia (Pohl) Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 799 (1840)
- Jatropha glauca A.Rich. in Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 250 (1850), nom. illeg.
- Jatropha janipha Lour. in Fl. Cochinch.: 585 (1790), nom. illeg.
- Jatropha lobata var. richardiana Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1086 (1866)
- Jatropha loureiroi (Pohl) Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 799 (1840)
- Jatropha mitis Rottb. in Acta Lit. Univ. Hafn. 1: 301 (1778)
- in Naturaleza (Mexico City), ser. 2, 1(App.): 167 (1890), nom. illeg.
- in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, II: 71 (1910)
- Jatropha silvestris Vell. in Fl. Flumin. 10: t. 83 (1831)
- Jatropha stipulata Vell. in Fl. Flumin. 10: 82 (1831)
- Mandioca aipi (Pohl) Link in Handbuch 2: 436 (1831)
- Mandioca dulcis (J.F.Gmel.) D.Parodi in Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 4: 127 (1877)
- Mandioca utilissima (Pohl) Link in Handbuch 2: 436 (1831)
- Manihot aipi Pohl in Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 29 (1827)
- Manihot aipi var. lanceolata Pohl in Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 31 (1827)
- Manihot aipi var. latifolia Pohl in Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 31 (1827)
- Manihot aipi var. lutescens Pohl in Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 31 (1827)
- Manihot aypi Spruce in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5: 10 (1861)
- Manihot cannabina Sweet in Hort. Brit., ed. 2: 458 (1830)
- in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 8: 184 (1903), nom. nud.
- Manihot diffusa Pohl in Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 55 (1827)
- Manihot digitiformis Pohl in Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 36 (1827)
- Manihot dulcis (J.F.Gmel.) Baill. in Traité Bot. Méd. Phan. 2: 932 (1884)
- Manihot dulcis var. aipi (Pohl) Pax in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, II: 71 (1910)
- Manihot dulcis var. diffusa (Pohl) Pax in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, II: 71 (1910)
- Manihot dulcis var. flabellifolia (Pohl) Pax in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, II: 72 (1910)
- Manihot edule A.Rich. in R.de la Sagra, Hist. Fis. Cuba, Bot. 11: 208 (1850)
- Manihot esculenta subsp. alboerecta Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942), nom. illeg.
- Manihot esculenta var. argentea Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
- Manihot esculenta var. coalescens Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
- Manihot esculenta var. communis Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
- Manihot esculenta var. debilis Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
- Manihot esculenta subsp. diffusa Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
- Manihot esculenta var. digitifolia Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
- Manihot esculenta var. domingensis Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
- Manihot esculenta var. fertilis Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
- Manihot esculenta subsp. flabellifolia (Pohl) Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
- Manihot esculenta var. flavicaulis Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
- Manihot esculenta var. fuscescens Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
- Manihot esculenta subsp. grandifolia Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
- Manihot esculenta var. hispaniolensis Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942), nom. illeg.
- Manihot esculenta var. jamaicensis Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
- Manihot esculenta var. luteola Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942), nom. illeg.
- Manihot esculenta var. mutabilis Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
- Manihot esculenta var. nodosa Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
- Manihot esculenta var. pohlii Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
- Manihot esculenta var. ramosissima Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942), nom. illeg.
- Manihot esculenta var. rufescens Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
- Manihot esculenta var. sprucei Lanj. in Euphorb. Surinam: 33 (1931)
- Manihot esculenta var. zimmermannii Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
- Manihot flabellifolia Pohl in Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 35 (1827)
- in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XVI: 195 (1924)
- Manihot guyanensis Klotzsch ex Pax in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, II: 84 (1910), nom. nud.
- Manihot loureiroi Pohl in Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 55 (1827)
- Manihot melanobasis Müll.Arg. in Linnaea 34: 206 (1865)
- Manihot palmata var. aipi (Pohl) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1062 (1866)
- Manihot palmata var. diffusa (Pohl) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1062 (1866)
- Manihot palmata var. digitiformis (Pohl) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1063 (1833)
- Manihot palmata var. flabellifolia (Pohl) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1062 (1866)
- Manihot sprucei Pax in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, I: 71 (1910)
- Manihot utilissima Pohl in Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 32 (1827)
- Manihot utilissima var. castellana Pohl in Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 34 (1827)
- Manihot utilissima var. sutinga Pohl in Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 34 (1827)
Classification
- Kingdom Plantae
- Phylum Streptophyta
- Class Equisetopsida
- Subclass Magnoliidae
- Order
Malpighiales
- Family
Euphorbiaceae
- Genus
Manihot
- Species
Manihot esculenta
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Publications
POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:
- (2022). https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.539.2.3. epublication.
- Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
- Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
- Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. (2007). The family Euphorbiaceae in India. A synopsis of its profile, taxonomy and bibliography: 1-500. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
- Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
- Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L. Englera 29-1: 1-438.
- Berhaut, J. (1975). Flore illustrée du Sénégal 3: 1-634. Gouvernement du Sénégal, Ministère du développement rural direction des eaux et forêta, Dakar.
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, R.S. & Celis, M. (eds.) (2016). Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia 1-2: 1-3068. Libro impreso.
- Brundu, G. & Camarda, I. (2013). The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis. PhytoKeys 23: 1-18.
- Brunel, J.F., Hiepo, P. & Scholz, H. (eds.) (1984). Flore Analytique du Togo Phanérogames: 1-751. GTZ, Eschborn.
- Catarino, L., Martins, E.S., Diniz, M.A. & Pinto-Basto, M.F. (2006). Check-list da flora vascular do parque natural das Lagos de Cufada (Guiné-Bissau). Garcia de Orta, Série de Botânica 17: 97-141.
- Chakrabarty, T. & Balakrishnan, N.P. (2009). The family Euphorbiaceae in Sikkim state, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 33: 483-539.
- Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
- Edwards, S., Tadesse, M. & Hedberg, I. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 2(2): 1-456. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
- Evenhuis, N.L. & Eldredge, L.G. (eds.) (2012). Records of the Hawaii biological survey for 2011. Part II: plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: 1-102.
- Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe. Bothalia 41: 41-82.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2016). Flora of North America North of Mexico 12: 1-603. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
- Fosberg, F.R. (1975). Vascular plants of Aitutaki. Atoll Research Bulletin 190: 73-84.
- Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
- George, A.S., Orchard, A.E. & Hewson, H.J. (eds.) (1993). Oceanic islands 2. Flora of Australia 50: 1-606. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
- Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
- Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
- Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.D.C., Callejas Posada, R. & Merello, M. (eds.) (2011). Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 1-939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
- Jones, M. (1991). A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Michael Jones, The Gambia College.
- Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
- Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
- Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
- Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
- Reddy, G.V.P. (2011). Survey of invasive plants on Guam and identification of the 20 most widespread. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 41: 263-274.
- Smith, A.C. (1981). Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 2: 1-810. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.
- Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (2006). Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon. Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1-438.
- Stevens, W.D., Ulloa U., C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (2001). Flora de Nicaragua. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: i-xlii, 1-2666. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Stinca, A., D'Auria, G. & Motti, R. (2014). Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae), a new alien species in Italy. Hacquetia 13: 355-357.
- Sykes, W.R. (1970). Contributions to the flora of Niue. Bulletin, New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 200: 1-321.
- Takeuchi, W. (2005). Floristic notes from a holocene successional environment in Papuasia. Harvard Papers in Botany 10: 95-116.
- Thaman, R.R., Fosberg, F.R., Manner, H.I. & Hassall, D.C. (1994). The Flora of Nauru. Atoll Research Bulletin 392: 1-223.
- Thiombiano, A., Schmidt, M., Dressler, S., Ouédraogo, A., Hahn, K. & Zizka, G. (2012). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Burkina Faso. Boissiera 65: 1-391.
- Welsh, S.L. (1998). Flora Societensis: 1-420. E.P.S. Inc. Utah.
- Wester, L. (1985). Checklist of the vascular plants of the Northern Line Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 287: 1-38.
- Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.) (2008). Flora of China 11: 1-622. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
- van Welzen, P.C. & Chayamarit, K. (2007). Flora of Thailand 8(2): 305-592. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.
Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
Flora of West Tropical Africa
- Inst. Rei Herb. 1: 167 (1766).
Kew Backbone Distributions
- (2021). https://doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo/v63/2021/165154. epublication.
- (2022). https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.539.2.3. epublication.
- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
- Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
- Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. (2007). The family Euphorbiaceae in India. A synopsis of its profile, taxonomy and bibliography: 1-500. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
- Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
- Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L. Englera 29-1: 1-438.
- Berhaut, J. (1975). Flore illustrée du Sénégal 3: 1-634. Gouvernement du Sénégal, Ministère du développement rural direction des eaux et forêta, Dakar.
- Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 2(1): 1-85. ORSTOM, Bangui.
- Britton, N. (1918). Flora of Bermuda: 1-585. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
- Brundu, G. & Camarda, I. (2013). The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis. PhytoKeys 23: 1-18.
- Brunel, J.F., Hiepo, P. & Scholz, H. (eds.) (1984). Flore Analytique du Togo Phanérogames: 1-751. GTZ, Eschborn.
- Caminho, J., Mutemba, L., Matusse, E., Osborne, J., Wursten, B., Burrows, J., Cianciullo, S., Malatesta, L. & Attorre, F. (2022). An updated checklist of Mozambique’s vascular plants. PhytoKeys 189: 61-80.
- Catarino, L., Martins, E.S., Diniz, M.A. & Pinto-Basto, M.F. (2006). Check-list da flora vascular do parque natural das Lagos de Cufada (Guiné-Bissau). Garcia de Orta, Série de Botânica 17: 97-141.
- Chakrabarty, T. & Balakrishnan, N.P. (2009). The family Euphorbiaceae in Sikkim state, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 33: 483-539.
- Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
- Edwards, S., Tadesse, M. & Hedberg, I. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 2(2): 1-456. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
- Evenhuis, N.L. & Eldredge, L.G. (eds.) (2012). Records of the Hawaii biological survey for 2011. Part II: plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: 1-102.
- Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe. Bothalia 41: 41-82.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2016). Flora of North America North of Mexico 12: 1-603. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
- Fosberg, F.R. & Sachet, M.-H. (1987). Flora of the Gilbert Island, Kiribati, Checklist. Atoll Research Bulletin 295: 1-33.
- Fosberg, F.R. (1975). Vascular plants of Aitutaki. Atoll Research Bulletin 190: 73-84.
- Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
- George, A.S., Orchard, A.E. & Hewson, H.J. (eds.) (1993). Oceanic islands 2. Flora of Australia 50: 1-606. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
- Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
- Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
- Jones, M. (1991). A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Michael Jones, The Gambia College.
- Morat, P. & Veillon, J.-M. (1985). Contributions à la conaissance de la végétation et de la flore de Wallis et Futuna. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section B, Adansonia 7: 259-329.
- Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
- Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
- Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
- Reddy, G.V.P. (2011). Survey of invasive plants on Guam and identification of the 20 most widespread. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 41: 263-274.
- Smith, A.C. (1981). Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 2: 1-810. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.
- Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (2006). Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon. Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1-438.
- Stevens, W.D., Ulloa U., C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (2001). Flora de Nicaragua. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: i-xlii, 1-2666. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Stinca, A., D'Auria, G. & Motti, R. (2014). Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae), a new alien species in Italy. Hacquetia 13: 355-357.
- Sykes, W.R. (1970). Contributions to the flora of Niue. Bulletin, New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 200: 1-321.
- Takeuchi, W. (2005). Floristic notes from a holocene successional environment in Papuasia. Harvard Papers in Botany 10: 95-116.
- Thaman, R.R., Fosberg, F.R., Manner, H.I. & Hassall, D.C. (1994). The Flora of Nauru. Atoll Research Bulletin 392: 1-223.
- Thiombiano, A., Schmidt, M., Dressler, S., Ouédraogo, A., Hahn, K. & Zizka, G. (2012). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Burkina Faso. Boissiera 65: 1-391.
- Wester, L. (1985). Checklist of the vascular plants of the Northern Line Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 287: 1-38.
- Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.) (2008). Flora of China 11: 1-622. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
- Yuncker, T.G. (1959). Plants of Tonga. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 220: 1-283.
- van Welzen, P.C. & Chayamarit, K. (2007). Flora of Thailand 8(2): 305-592. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.
Flora of Somalia
- Flora Somalia, Vol 1, (1993) Author: by M. G. Gilbert [updated by M. Thulin 2008]
Flora of Tropical East Africa
- Crantz, Inst. Rei Herb., 1: 167 (1766).
- D. Rogers & Appan, Fl. Neotrop., Monogr. 13: 25 (1973).
- F. W. Andr., The Flowering Plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 2: 86 (1952).
- F. White, Forest Flora of Northern Rhodesia p. 201 (1962).
- J. Léonard, Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi, 8(1): 121 (1962).
- J.P.M. Brenan, Check-lists of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British Empire no. 5, part II, Tanganyika Territory p. 219 (1949).
- Keay, Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 1: 413 (1958).
- Troupin, Fl. Rwanda 2: 232, t. 70., fig. 2 (1983).
Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
- Burkill HM. (1995). The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. 1-3. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols 1-3.
- Cámara-Leret, R., & Dennehy, Z. (2019). Information gaps in indigenous and local knowledge for science-policy assessments. Nature Sustainability 2:736-741.
- Dempewolf, H., Eastwood, R. J., Guarino, L., Khoury, C. K., Müller, J. V. & Toll, J. (2014). Adapting agriculture to climate change: a global initiative to collect, conserve, and use crop wild relatives. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 38, 369-377.
- Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
- Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
- FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
- GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
- GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
- García Castro, N. J. (2011). Plantas nativas empleadas en alimentación en Colombia. Instituo de Investigaciones Biológicas Alexander von Humboldt. http://repository.humboldt.org.co/handle/20.500.11761/31275
- Garrido, A.M., Cámara-Leret, R., Madriñán, S. (2014). Nombres y usos de las plantas identificadas por los indígenas cubeo de Colombia (Tesis de pregrado). Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá.
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor).http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (2019). Lista de especies vedadas por la resolución 213 de 1977. 8256 especies. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=le_plantaspriorizadas_2019
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. (2013). Servicios ecosistémicos de especies de fauna y flora presentes en la Orinoquía colombiana. 128 registros, aportados por: Salgado, B. (Contacto del recurso), Gutiérrez, J. (Creador del recurso), Bernal, M. (Proveedor de metadatos). Versión 8.0. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=orinoquia_faunaflora_is_2014
- Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
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- RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
- RBG, Kew (ed.) (1999). Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL) database. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
- Ulian, T., Sacandé, M., Hudson, A., & Mattana, E. (2017). Conservation of indigenous plants to support community livelihoods: the MGU–Useful Plants Project. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 60:668-683.
- Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Other Data
Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan 1, 2008 | Hinton, G.B. [4698] Mexico | K000476810 | No | ||
Jan 1, 2008 | Sasaki, D.; Milliken, W.; Philippsen, M.; Bessa, M.A.; E; Piva, J.H. [1881] Brazil | K000578353 | Yes | ||
Apr 1, 2002 | Etuge, M. [1614] Cameroon | K000026469 | No | ||
Apr 1, 2002 | Cable, S. [3848] Cameroon | K000026471 | No | ||
Apr 1, 2002 | Sebsebe; Demissew [5061] Cameroon | K000026470 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1998 | Alexiades, M.N.; Huajo-Huajo, B. [1286] Peru | K000716450 | Yes | ||
Apr 1, 1997 | van Andel, T.; Samuels, A.; Samuels, E. [811] Guyana | K001907051 | Yes | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | van Andel, T.; George, F.; Smeets, M.; de Jagher; A. [1180] Guyana | K001907035 | Yes | ||
Jan 1, 1993 | Thomas, W.; Mota, C.D.A.; Lima, E.F. [5025] Brazil | K000809115 | Yes | ||
Jan 1, 1992 | Teixeira, L.O.A.; Fife, A.J.; McFarland, K.; Mota, C.D.A.; dos Santos, J.L.; Gomes, S.P.; Nelson, B.W. [831] Brazil | K000809117 | Yes | ||
Jan 1, 1990 | Balée, W.L.; Gely, A. [848] Brazil | K000809116 | Yes | ||
Jan 1, 1988 | Prance, G.T.; Rodrigues, W.A.; Ramos, J.F.; Farias, L.G. [8456] Brazil | K000809118 | Yes | ||
Jun 1, 1971 | Lehmann, F.C. [5459] Colombia | K001500986 | Yes | ||
Spruce, R. [s.n.] Brazil | K000600389 | Unknown Type Material | Yes | ||
Hinton, G.B. [7044] Mexico | K000476812 | No | |||
Pereira-Silva, G.; Barreto dos Santos, A.J.; Moreira, G.A.; Pereira, J.B. [15118] Brazil | K001604804 | Yes | |||
Takeuchi, W. [26328] Papua New Guinea | K000939476 | No | |||
Hinton, G.B. [7044] Mexico | K000476811 | No | |||
K:SPC-70000.484 | No | ||||
Pohl [1709] Brazil | K000600387 | Unknown Type Material | Yes | ||
Hinton, G.B. [4698] Mexico | K000476809 | No | |||
Cook, D.K. [149] Guyana | K000809119 | No | |||
Norsaengsri, M. ; Tathana, N. [8239] Thailand | K001639516 | Yes | |||
Cardiel, J.M.; Watkiss, E.J. [64] Bolivia | K000716451 | Yes | |||
[Pohl] [1709] Brazil | K000600386 | Unknown Type Material | Yes | ||
Schomburgk, R.H. [426/694R] Guyana | K000600388 | Type | Yes | ||
Spruce, R. [825] Brazil | K000600390 | Type | Yes | ||
W.T.S.Am. Venezuela | K001500957 | Yes | |||
Peru | K001500958 | Yes | |||
Peru | K001500959 | Yes | |||
Peru | K001500960 | Yes | |||
Peru | K001500961 | Yes | |||
Colombia | K001500962 | Yes | |||
Colombia | K001500963 | Yes | |||
Colombia | K001500964 | Yes | |||
Peru | K001500965 | Yes | |||
Peru | K001500966 | Yes | |||
Colombia | K001500967 | Yes | |||
Colombia | K001500968 | Yes | |||
Venezuela | K001500969 | Yes | |||
Venezuela | K001500970 | Yes | |||
Venezuela | K001500971 | Yes | |||
Galapagos Is. | K001500972 | Yes | |||
Galapagos Is. | K001500973 | Yes | |||
Venezuela | K001500974 | Yes | |||
Venezuela | K001500975 | Yes | |||
Venezuela | K001500976 | Yes | |||
Venezuela | K001500977 | Yes | |||
Venezuela | K001500978 | Yes | |||
Venezuela | K001500979 | Yes | |||
Venezuela | K001500980 | Yes | |||
Venezuela | K001500981 | Yes | |||
Venezuela | K001500982 | Yes | |||
Venezuela | K001500983 | Yes | |||
Venezuela | K001500984 | Yes | |||
Venezuela | K001500985 | Yes | |||
Peru | K001500987 | Yes | |||
Peru | K001500988 | Yes | |||
Bolivia | K001500989 | Yes | |||
Bolivia | K001500990 | Yes | |||
n/a | K001500991 | Yes | |||
n/a | K001500992 | Yes | |||
n/a | K001500993 | Yes | |||
Bolivia | K001500994 | Yes | |||
Bolivia | K001500995 | Yes | |||
Ecuador | K001500996 | Yes | |||
Ecuador | K001500997 | Yes | |||
Ecuador | K001500998 | Yes | |||
Ecuador | K001500999 | Yes | |||
Pereira-Silva, G.; Pereira, J.B.;Barreto dos Santos, A.J.; Araújo dos Santos, E. [16186] Brazil | Manihot esculenta subsp. flabellifolia | K001609389 | Yes | ||
Pereira-Silva, G.; Pereira, J.B.;Barreto dos Santos, A.J.; Araújo dos Santos, E. [16186] Brazil | Manihot esculenta subsp. flabellifolia | K001609412 | Yes |
Sources
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Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1
- Angiosperm Threat Predictions
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
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Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora Zambesiaca
- Flora Zambesiaca
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora of Somalia
- Flora of Somalia
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora of Tropical East Africa
- Flora of Tropical East Africa
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora of West Tropical Africa
- Flora of West Tropical Africa
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora of the Cayman Islands
- Flora of the Cayman Islands
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
- 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
- Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
-
Kew Backbone Distributions
- The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
- © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Kew Living Collection Database
- Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/
-
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
- The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
- © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Kew Science Photographs
- Copyright applied to individual images
-
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- ColPlantA database
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0